Adrenaline's Benefits: How It Boosts Cats & Dogs

The sympathetic nervous system activity is transmitted through the involuntary (autonomic) nervous system and the adrenal glands, facilitated by blood flow. In contrast, the parasympathetic nervous system operates primarily through a nerve known as the vagus nerve, which slows down heart rate, lowers blood pressure, and stimulates gastrointestinal function and digestion.

Cells contain targets called receptors, which are stimulated by chemical substances released by the nervous system. In the sympathetic system, the neurotransmitter released by the nerves is called norepinephrine, while the chemical substance released by the adrenal glands is called epinephrine. These chemical substances' receptors (cell targets) are known as adrenergic receptors.

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a natural hormone that can also be used as a medication in medical settings. It belongs to the adrenergic drug class. Epinephrine has various effects, including raising blood sugar levels, dilating pupils, directly stimulating the heart and blood vessels, increasing heart rate and blood pressure, and more.

Epinephrine can also counteract the effects of histamine, a substance released during severe allergic reactions. It can also relax bronchial smooth muscles, leading to bronchodilation. Epinephrine is a prescription drug and can only be obtained from a veterinarian or prescribed by one.

 Epinephrine formulations

This medication is registered for use in both humans and animals.

Human formulation: Epinephrine chloride (PD) and general formulations

Animal formulation: Various generic formulations

Epinephrine uses in cats and dogs

1. Epinephrine is used to treat severe allergic reactions because it can prevent or reduce the effects of histamine.

2. It is also used to help dilate bronchial tubes during severe asthma attacks.

3. Epinephrine is used to stimulate the heart during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

4. In some cases, epinephrine is used to increase blood pressure during an anesthetic or hypotensive crisis.

Precautions and side effects

1. While epinephrine is generally safe and effective when prescribed by a veterinarian, it can cause side effects in some animals.

2. Epinephrine should not be used in animals known to be allergic to the drug.

3. Pregnant or nearlaboring animals should avoid using epinephrine.

4. Use epinephrine cautiously in animals with shock.

5. The drug should not be used in animals with certain heart abnormalities, such as ventricular premature beats (starting from the bottom of the heart).

6. Epinephrine may interact with other medications. Consult your veterinarian to determine if other medications your pet is taking will interact with epinephrine. These medications include certain antihistamines, propranolol, and certain diuretics.

7. Epinephrine can cause fear or anxiety, and may lead to tremors, vomiting, hypertension, or arrhythmias.

Epinephrine specifications

1. Epinephrine is available in 0.1 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml solutions, as well as a powdered inhaler.

 Epinephrine dosages and administration

Note: Always consult a veterinarian before administering the medication.

1. During cardiopulmonary resuscitation, various doses of epinephrine are used. If possible, the dose may change or may need to be repeated every five minutes until the heartbeat is restored.

2. For severe allergic reactions or asthma crises, the dose is: 0.005 to 0.01 mg per pound of body weight (0.01 to 0.02 mg/kg).

3. The duration of treatment depends on the treatment situation and the pet's response to the medication. Even if your pet seems to have recovered, always complete the full course unless your veterinarian has given specific instructions.