Types of Dog Vaccinations Explained in 55 Characters

(1) Inactivated Vaccines: Also known as "killed vaccines," inactivated vaccines are biological products created by treating bacterial or viral materials with physical or chemical methods to render them noninfectious or nontoxic while preserving their immunogenicity. After vaccination, dogs can develop active immunity. Examples include the canine parvovirus inactivated vaccine and canine infectious hepatitis inactivated vaccine. These vaccines are further categorized into tissue inactivated vaccines and culture inactivated vaccines. They are advantageous due to their nontoxicity, safety, ease of storage and transportation, and stability.

(2) Live Vaccines: Live vaccines, also referred to as "attenuated vaccines," are derived from naturally virulent strains of pathogens that have been subjected to successive passages through physical, chemical, and biological means, rendering them nonpathogenic to dogs or causing only subclinical infections. Despite this, they still maintain good immunogenicity. The advantage of these vaccines is that a single dose can be effective.

(3) Monovalent Vaccines: These vaccines are prepared using a single strain or a single serotype and strain of a microorganism. They provide immunity against diseases caused by a single serotype of microorganisms but do not confer complete immunity to the vaccinated animal.

(4) Multivalent Vaccines: These vaccines are made from the proliferation cultures of several serotypes within a single microorganism, such as the twovalent and fivevalent Leptospirosis vaccines. Multivalent vaccines can confer complete protection to the vaccinated animals and can be used in different regions.

(5) Combination Vaccines: Also known as multivalent vaccines, these are vaccines created by combining different microorganism proliferation cultures according to immunological principles. After vaccination, they can provide immunity against the corresponding diseases, reducing the number of injections needed and offering convenience. They are biotherapeutic products that can protect against multiple diseases with a single shot. Combination vaccines can be categorized based on the number of microorganisms combined, such as trivalent and tetravalent vaccines.

(6) Homologous Vaccines: These vaccines are prepared using the same, similar, or homologous strain of microorganisms and are used for immunoprophylaxis in the same species of animals.

(7) Heterologous Vaccines: These vaccines are prepared from different species of microorganism strains (viruses). After vaccination, animals can develop resistance to pathogens not included in the vaccine. For example, dogs vaccinated with the measles vaccine can develop resistance to canine distemper.

(8) Subunit Vaccines: These vaccines are prepared by treating microorganisms with physical and chemical methods to remove their nontoxic components and extract the effective antigenic components. The immunogenic structural components of microorganisms, such as the capsules and flagella of bacteria and the envelopes and capsid proteins of viruses, are extracted and used to create different subunit vaccines. Subunit vaccines have clear biochemical characteristics, immunogenicity, and lack genetic material, resulting in similar immunogenic effects.

(9) Genetic Engineering Vaccines: These vaccines are produced using genetic engineering techniques. Typically, the DNA of the microorganism (deoxyribonucleic acid) is cut with restriction enzymes, separating the DNA fragments carrying genetic information. These fragments are then connected to recipient vector DNA to achieve the transfer and recombination of genetic traits. The target gene is then introduced into the recipient through the vector, allowing for replication and expression, and ultimately producing the proliferation cultures needed for vaccine preparation.

(10) Antigenic Idiotype Vaccines: Based on the principles of the immune network theory, these vaccines are prepared using the unique antigenic determinants of the first antibody molecules. They can elicit humoral and cellular immune responses, providing immunity against a specific epitope of the pathogen and offering partial protection to the body against disease.