Symptoms & Treatment for Dog Conjunctivitis: Quick Guid

When the aqueous part of the tear film diminishes, the eyes respond by producing more mucus to compensate. Additionally, inflammation on the surface of the eye can stimulate the production of even more mucus.

There are several conditions that present symptoms similar to keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), which is why an accurate diagnosis in the early stages of the disease is crucial. Chronic KCS can lead to blindness. Diseases with symptoms resembling KCS include:

1. Conjunctivitis: This condition differs from KCS in that the affected areas are different—the former affects the cornea, while the latter affects the conjunctiva. Conjunctivitis is associated with inflammation of the eyelids and surrounding tissues and is sometimes referred to as "pink eye." Symptoms include excessive tearing, discharge, redness, and frequent blinking.

2. Corneal Scleritis: This disease is much rarer than KCS and causes swelling and thickening of the tissues around the eye.

3. Dacryocystitis: An inflammation and infection of the tear drainage system, this condition is characterized by a large amount of yellowgreen discharge from the affected eye and pain. Dogs with dacryocystitis often have a buildup of secretions in the inner corner of the eye, which may persist even after cleaning.

4. Corneal Ulcers: Wearing away of the cornea can lead to redness and inflammation in the eye. These ulcers are usually acute and can cause severe eye pain. The diagnosis is primarily made using "fluorescein staining," where the presence of ulcers is indicated by the eye's reaction to the dye. Additionally, measuring tear outflow is necessary when corneal ulcers are present.

5. Vascularization: An immunemediated disease of the cornea, this condition results in progressive inflammation and pigmentation on the cornea, typically starting at the outer corner and slowly progressing inward. It is most common in German Shepherds, and tear production remains normal.

6. Pigmented Keratitis: In this disease, pigment invades the cornea of certain dog breeds, making their eyes appear very prominent. The pigment is usually found in the area closest to the nose and is common in breeds like Pugs, Shih Tzus, Lhasa Apsos, and Pekingese. As with other conditions, tear production is normal.

For an indepth diagnosis of canine keratoconjunctivitis, it's essential to inform your veterinarian about all medications your dog is currently taking, as KCS can be a side effect of certain drugs. The diagnosis typically involves:

1. Eye Examination: A thorough check of the eyelids, conjunctiva, and cornea.

2. Tear Secretion Test: This measures the amount of tear production, with normal levels typically exceeding 15 millimeters per minute. Caution is advised during this test, as other conditions that increase tear secretion can mask KCS.

3. Fluorescein Staining: This test checks for corneal ulcers by applying dye to the dog's cornea.

4. Secretion Sample Analysis: This test can be performed if a secondary bacterial infection is suspected.

5. Blood Tests: These include a complete blood count, serum biochemistry, and thyroid hormone testing.

Treatment aims to increase tear production, reduce any bacterial infections, and decrease corneal inflammation and scarring. Treatment options include:

1. Ophthalmic Medications: Always consult your veterinarian about the compatibility of these medications with any other drugs your dog is taking. Eye drops should generally be used before ointments, and no more than two medications should be used simultaneously.

2. 0.2% Cyclosporin Ointment: This medication effectively increases tear production and may also help reduce pigmentation in some cases of chronic corneal ulcers. It is typically used twice daily and may need to be used indefinitely.

3. Pilocarpine Eye Drops: These can also increase tear secretion but may not be as effective. They can taste bitter and, if overused, may cause vomiting and diarrhea.

4. Artificial Tears and Ointments: In moderate to severe KCS cases, in addition to cyclosporin, artificial tears and ointments can be used to provide moisture and lubrication to the eye surface. This is particularly important in the early stages of the disease.

5. Antibiotic Eye Drops or Ointments: These can be used if a secondary bacterial infection is present.

6. Corticosteroid Eye Drops or Ointments: These can reduce eye inflammation but should only be used after confirming there are no corneal ulcers, as corticosteroids can delay ulcer healing.

7. Surgical Intervention: In severe cases of KCS that do not respond to medication, surgery can be performed to reroute saliva ducts from the mouth to the eye, allowing saliva to flow over the eye to maintain moisture. While not ideal, this surgery can be helpful for dogs that continue to experience pain despite various medical treatments.

Most dogs with KCS cannot be cured, but the disease can often be controlled with proper longterm care to prevent it from progressing to blindness.

AtHome Care

Athome care is focused on maintaining eye moisture and cleanliness:

1. Eye Wash Solutions: These can be purchased over the counter and should be used to clear excess secretions from the eyes before applying medication.

2. Warm Compresses: If secretions are difficult to remove, a warm compress can help loosen them for easier removal.

3. Grooming: Keeping the fur around the dog's face short can make it easier to keep the eyes clean.

4. Regular Checkups: Regular visits to the veterinarian are important for monitoring the eye condition.

5. Monitoring Changes: Keep a close eye on any changes in your dog's eyes. If there is an increase in secretions or worsening redness, seek veterinary attention promptly.