Determining Feline Rhinotracheitis: Key Signs & Symptom
Initial symptoms of feline herpesvirus, often referred to as "kitty cold," are strikingly similar to those of a common cat cold, making it challenging to distinguish between the two just by observing the symptoms. A comprehensive approach is required, which includes observing the cat's overall condition, conducting tests like rapid antigen tests, or PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests. Here's a more detailed guide to help you identify the signs:
Step 1: Observe the Cat's Symptoms
The primary symptoms of feline herpesvirus include:
Respiratory Symptoms: Sneezing, coughing, and nasal discharge. Initially, these may be mild, but they can worsen over time, potentially leading to a runny nose that could cause breathing difficulties for the cat.
Ocular Symptoms: Excessive tearing and an increase in eye discharge. In severe cases, this can lead to conjunctivitis or corneal ulcers, causing the cat's eyes to become red, swollen, and sensitive to light.
Systemic Symptoms: Lethargy, decreased appetite, and a rise in body temperature. More severe cases may involve oral ulcers or pneumonia.
These symptoms overlap with those of a typical cold, but feline herpesvirus tends to be more severe, often presenting with ocular symptoms and elevated body temperature. If your cat shows these signs, it's wise to consider the possibility of feline herpesvirus.
Step 2: Rapid Antigen Testing
Rapid antigen tests are a quick and straightforward method for initial screening. Here's how to perform the test:
Sample Collection: Collect secretions from the cat's eyes, nose, and mouth, and place them in a diluent solution.
Test the Strip: Add the diluted sample to the test strip and wait for the specified time (usually around 10 minutes).
Interpret the Results: Two lines on the test strip indicate a positive result, suggesting that your cat may have feline herpesvirus. However, it's important to note that rapid antigen tests can be influenced by various factors, such as sample quality and test sensitivity. A positive result does not conclusively mean your cat has feline herpesvirus; clinical symptoms must also be considered.
Step 3: PCR Testing
PCR testing is a more accurate and reliable method that detects the virus's genetic material in the cat's body. Here's the process:
Sample Collection: Obtain secretions and mucosal epithelial cells from the cat's eyes, nose, and mouth.
Laboratory Testing: Send the samples to a laboratory for PCR analysis, where the virus's genetic material is amplified to detect its presence.
Result Analysis: Combine the PCR results with the cat's clinical symptoms to diagnose feline herpesvirus. PCR results are typically more accurate and can also provide insights into the virus's concentration and replication activity in the cat's nasal secretions and tears, helping to determine if the cat is in the latent or active stage of the infection. If diagnosed with feline herpesvirus, treatment with antibiotics like Clavamox (amoxicillinclavulanate potassium) and valacyclovir may be necessary.
Step 4: Comprehensive Assessment
In summary, diagnosing feline herpesvirus requires considering the cat's symptoms, the results of rapid antigen tests, and PCR tests. If your cat exhibits classic feline herpesvirus symptoms and tests positive, it's likely that your cat is infected. However, as with all tests, results can be influenced by various factors, so clinical symptoms should always be taken into account.
Additionally, as feline herpesvirus is highly contagious, if you have multiple cats at home and one is diagnosed, it's crucial to isolate and treat the infected cat immediately to prevent the spread to others. Pet owners should also practice good hygiene and protect themselves by avoiding direct contact with the sick cat or its secretions.